Hydroxyl radicals remove nanoscopic irregularities on polished gold surfaces.
The precious metal gold is the material of choice for many technical applications because it does not corrode – and because it also has interesting electrical, magnetic, and optical properties. Gold is thus one of the most important metals in the electronics industry, miniaturized optical components, and electrochemical processes. In these applications, it is extremely important that the surface of the gold be completely clean and smooth. However, conventional processes not only “polish” away the undesirable irregularities, but also attack the gold surface. Fritz Scholz and a team from the Universities of Greifswald (Germany) and Warsaw (Poland) have now discovered a technique that can differentiate between the two. As the scientists report in the journal Angewandte Chemie, hydroxyl radicals (OH radicals) rapidly remove all tiny protrusions on mechanically polished gold surfaces, leaving behind an extremely smooth surface.
The researchers treated gold surfaces with Fenton's reagent, which is a mixture of hydrogen peroxide and iron(II) salts that releases OH radicals. It is also used to degrade organic impurities in the purification of waste water. “Actually, it was not expected that the radicals would attack a polished pure gold surface,” says Scholz, “because gold is notoriously difficult to oxidize.” The experiments demonstrated that the hydroxyl radicals oxidize gold very well, though measurable dissolution continues only as long as there are still bumps on the gold surface. Though these results seem contradictory at first glance, the researchers explain that the reaction of the radicals with the highly ordered gold atoms of the completely smooth surface produces a stable layer of gold oxide, which can be reduced back to elemental gold without a significant loss of material. In the protrusions, however, the gold atoms are less ordered and very reactive. During the oxidation, they detach themselves from the atomic structure.
Gold service: The asperities on
a polished gold surface are quickly dissolved by the OH.
radicals of Fentons reagent. The dissolution of Au is rapid at
the beginning of the reaction and is negligible when the
asperities have been dissolved. Although the OH. radicals also
oxidize the smooth parts of the Au surface, they do not dissolve
them, but form a stable oxide monolayer.
[Credit: Angewandte Chemie]
“Because the protrusions are selectively removed, our method is very interesting for polishing gold surfaces for industrial applications,” says Scholz. The process may also find a use in medical technology: gold is used to replace teeth, in tissues for reconstructive surgery, and in electrode implants, such as those used for implanted hearing aids. These release tiny amounts of gold, which enters into the surrounding tissue. This apparently occurs because of an immune reaction that results in the formation of OH radicals or similar species. Pre-treatment of gold implants with Fenton's reagent could inhibit this release of gold into the body.
Further Information and Source:
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Dr. Anna Maria Nowicka, Dr. Ulrich Hasse, Dr. Michael Hermes, Prof. Dr. Fritz Scholz: Hydroxyl Radicals Attack Metallic Gold. In: Angewandte Chemie International Edition; published online: 13 Jan 2010 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200906358 URL: direct link
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Fritz Scholz, Chair of Analytical and Environmental Chemistry, University of Greifswald, Germany
