Lackchemie - Neueste Forschungsartikel der Fachverlage
Aktuelle Fachartikel zur Chemie der Lacke, sortiert nach Erscheinungsdatum.
Die Urheberrechte und
Veroeffentlichungsrechte der in der nachfolgenden Liste aufgefuehrten
Fachartikel liegen bei den jeweiligen Verlagen, die am Ende des
jeweiligen Artikels
als Quelle genannt werden. Diese sind auch fuer die Inhalte
verantwortlich.
Hinweise zur Veroeffentlichung Ihrer
Pressmitteilung unter Internetchemie.Info entnehmen Sie bitte der
entsprechenden Info-Seite.
Diese Seite koennen Sie mit folgender Tastenkombination nach Stichwoertern
durchsuchen: <STRG> und <F>.
Auf dieser Seite
beruecksichtige naturwissenschaftliche Journale:
Journal of Coatings Technology and Research - published by
Springer -
JCTR is a forum for the exchange of original research, experience, knowledge and ideas among those with a professional interest in the science, technology and manufacture of functional, protective and decorative coatings including, but not limited to, paints, inks and related coatings and their raw materials.
Aktuelle wissenschaftliche Fachartikel der
genannten Journale:
In the present study, hyperbranched urethane acrylates (UA/HB-PEs) were synthesized by modifying the hydroxyl groups of hyperbranched
polyester polyols (HB-PEs). The structure of oligomers were characterized by FTIR and 1H NMR spectroscopic techniques. Formulations containing UA/HB-PEs, reactive diluents, and photoinitiator were applied onto
wood substrates and successfully polymerized under UV-irradiation. The coating performances and thermal properties of UV-cured
films were evaluated. The studies on film characteristics reveal that the incorporation of UA/HB-PE afforded coatings with
good adhesion and high gloss properties. It is observed that UV-cured coatings originated from [2,2-bis(4-ÎČ-hydroxyethoxy)
phenyl propane] (HB-HEPA)- and [2,2-bis(4-ÎČ-hydroxyethoxy) phenyl 6F propane] (HB-HEPFA)-based oligomers possessed better
surface and mechanical properties.
Content Type Journal Article
Pages 1-14
DOI 10.1007/s11998-012-9418-6
Authors
SĂŒmeyye Ćabani, Institute of Science and Technology, Department of Polymer Science and Technology, Istanbul Technical University, Maslak, 34469 Istanbul, Turkey
AyĆen H. Ănen, Faculty of Science and Letters, Chemistry Department, Istanbul Technical University, Maslak, 34469 Istanbul, Turkey
Atilla GĂŒngör, Faculty of Art & Science, Department of Chemistry, Marmara University, Göztepe, Kadikoy, 34722 Istanbul, Turkey
A novel low-temperature method is described for the direct synthesis of Fe2O3/mica pearlescent pigments with ferric chloride as a precursor and trace Fe(II) as a catalyst which does not require any calcination
step. The as-synthesized pigments are characterized in detail by means of different techniques including X-ray diffraction,
field emission scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive spectroscopy, and colorimetry. The influence of various factors
on the transformation from Fe(OH)3 coating layer to crystalline hematite coating layer is investigated, respectively. Furthermore, this paper studies several
critical technological parameters pertaining to the influences on morphology and color properties of the pigments such as
the coating temperature and the pH value.
Content Type Journal Article
Pages 1-8
DOI 10.1007/s11998-012-9419-5
Authors
Lihong Han, College of Physics Science and Information Engineering, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, 050016 China
Yanchang Chen, College of Mathematics and Information Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007 Henan, China
Modan You, College of Chemistry and Material Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, 050016 China
Yu Wei, College of Chemistry and Material Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, 050016 China
An approach to the design of highly flexible coatings based on glycidyl carbamate (GC) chemistry is presented. In past work,
GC resins had been synthesized by reacting polyisocyanates such as hexamethylene diisocyanate biuret or hexamethylene diisocyanate
isocyanurate resins with glycidol. When crosslinked with amines, due to their high functionality, these resins form very hard
and tough coatings, but the coatings have limited flexibility. To obtain coatings with good flexibility, several GC resins
were synthesized using linear and cycloaliphatic diisocyanates and a combination of diols and triol with glycidol. The combination
of linear diisocyanates and diols introduces a more linear structure in the GC resin compositions. Crosslinked coatings were
obtained using two amine crosslinkers, para-aminocyclohexyl methane (PACM) and a commercial polyamide, Ancamide-2353 (A-2353). The flexibility of the coatings was characterized
using reverse impact test, GE impact test, and elongation at break in tensile test. The coatings were further characterized
to determine their chemical resistance, hardness, thermal stability, and corrosion resistance. The diisocyanate composition
and composition of diols and triol influenced the performance of the coatings. In order to understand the influence of the
composition of the GC resins on their performance, coatings were characterized using differential scanning calorimetry and
dynamic mechanical analysis.
Content Type Journal Article
Pages 1-11
DOI 10.1007/s11998-012-9415-9
Authors
Umesh D. Harkal, Department of Coatings and Polymeric Materials, North Dakota State University, Dept 2760, PO Box 6050, Fargo, ND, USA
Andrew J. Muehlberg, Department of Coatings and Polymeric Materials, North Dakota State University, Dept 2760, PO Box 6050, Fargo, ND, USA
Dean C. Webster, Department of Coatings and Polymeric Materials, North Dakota State University, Dept 2760, PO Box 6050, Fargo, ND, USA
Temporary peelable coatings (TPCs) protect military equipment surfaces against chemical warfare agents (CWAs) by absorbing
liquid contamination, thereby reducing the contact and vapor hazards to personnel. An understanding of the liquid CWA mass-transport
mechanisms governing sorption is critical toward optimizing coating properties for reducing these hazards. We applied Nuclear
Magnetic Resonance profiling to resolve mass-transport mechanisms of the CWA bis(2-chloroethyl) sulfide (sulfur mustard) simulant,
methyl salicylate (MS), through a two-layered polyurethane TPC, where each layer absorbs liquids using different mechanisms
(passive diffusion through pores and solubilization with the liquid). Depth profiles obtained at increasing time-points post-contamination
demonstrated (a) dynamics of MS volume spread through the coating, (b) polymer swelling by a significant increase in the thickness
of one of the layers and its relationship with overall coating thickness and contamination mass, and (c) preferential sites
within the bulk for MS localization. Information of the type obtained from this exemplar system can be correlated to the physiochemical
properties of the liquid contaminant as well as contact hazard and vapor hazard measurements to facilitate next generation
coating development. Moreover, time-resolved determination of multiple liquid mass-transport mechanisms in an optically opaque
multilayered coating were demonstrated noninvasively.
Content Type Journal Article
Pages 1-9
DOI 10.1007/s11998-012-9416-8
Authors
Ehsan Gazi, Detection Department, Defence Science and Technology Laboratory, Porton Down, Salisbury, SP4 0JQ UK
Steven J. Mitchell, Detection Department, Defence Science and Technology Laboratory, Porton Down, Salisbury, SP4 0JQ UK
The cure characteristics of a series of powder coatings containing titanium dioxide dispersed in an epoxy/polyester matrix
are reported. The titanium dioxide pigments were produced via both the chloride and sulfate routes and coated with varying
amounts of alumina and silica. Comparison data for formulations containing zinc oxide and silica are also included. The time
to gelation for these powder coatings depends on a number of factors. Increasing the level of flow agent significantly reduces
the time to gelation. The presence of traces of zinc inhibits cure in the case of the sulfate-based pigments. Varying levels
of alumina and silica in the coating on the titanium dioxide coating also influence the time to gelation. Increasing the level
of silica on the chloride-based coating increases the time to gelation, whereas in the case of the sulfate based coating the
time to gelation is shortened. These differences are attributed to the effects of zinc in the coating and the effectiveness
of the dicyandiamide catalysts.
Content Type Journal Article
Pages 1-9
DOI 10.1007/s11998-012-9417-7
Authors
Emile C. Trottier, WestCHEM, Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, Thomas Graham Building, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow, G1 1Xl UK
Stanley Affrossman, WestCHEM, Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, Thomas Graham Building, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow, G1 1Xl UK
Richard A. Pethrick, WestCHEM, Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, Thomas Graham Building, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow, G1 1Xl UK
Modifications have been made to the previously described adult barnacle laboratory reattachment method to enhance and improve
the overall utility of this technique for rapidly assessing the efficacy of novel fouling-release marine coating technologies.
These modifications include the use of an immobilization template to secure barnacles onto the coating surfaces during the
underwater reattachment process, the development of a semi-automated push-off device to enable consistent and reproducible
force gauge measurements and the implementation of a software tool to measure the diameter of barnacle base plates for adhesion
strength calculations. A series of experimental siloxaneâpolyurethane and control coatings were evaluated with both the original
and improved laboratory reattachment methodologies. Significantly higher adhesion strengths were obtained on these coatings
using the improved reattachment method. Furthermore, only the improved reattachment method was able to discern significant
differences in the performance of the siloxaneâpolyurethane coatings based on differences in compositional components. In
this regard, the siloxaneâpolyurethane coatings containing the poly-caprolactone end groups attached to the poly(dimethylsiloxane)
(PDMS) backbone exhibited significantly higher reattached barnacle adhesion strengths than the aminopropyl-terminated PDMS
containing coatings. It was also shown that the utilization of barnacles with 5â6 mm base plate diameters, rather than 7â8 mm
diameters, significantly enhanced the strength or tenacity of adhesion to the surface of the control coatings. The results
of the improved laboratory reattachment evaluation of experimental siloxaneâpolyurethane and control coatings were in good
agreement with barnacle adhesion measurements obtained for the same coatings with static ocean immersion testing in the field.
Content Type Journal Article
Pages 1-15
DOI 10.1007/s11998-012-9409-7
Authors
Shane Stafslien, Center for Nanoscale Science and Engineering, North Dakota State University, 1805 NDSU Research Park Drive, Fargo, ND 58102, USA
Justin Daniels, Center for Nanoscale Science and Engineering, North Dakota State University, 1805 NDSU Research Park Drive, Fargo, ND 58102, USA
James Bahr, Center for Nanoscale Science and Engineering, North Dakota State University, 1805 NDSU Research Park Drive, Fargo, ND 58102, USA
Bret Chisholm, Center for Nanoscale Science and Engineering, North Dakota State University, 1805 NDSU Research Park Drive, Fargo, ND 58102, USA
Abdullah Ekin, Coatings and Polymeric Materials, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, USA
Dean Webster, Center for Nanoscale Science and Engineering, North Dakota State University, 1805 NDSU Research Park Drive, Fargo, ND 58102, USA
Beatriz Orihuela, Duke University Marine Laboratory, Nicholas School, Beaufort, NC, USA
Daniel Rittschof, Duke University Marine Laboratory, Nicholas School, Beaufort, NC, USA
The problem of adhesion of polyurethane foams to fluoropolymer permanent release mold coatings was studied. Two coatings,
based on polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) and perfluoroalkoxy polymer (PFA) aqueous dispersions, respectively, were applied
on aluminum plates, and the foam release performance evaluated. The PTFE coating displayed gradual loss of antiadhesion properties
with consecutive exposure to the reactive mixture, which was associated with isocyanate surface penetration. Penetrant mass
uptake experiments, performed on free films, indicated that PTFE retains about 10 times more isocyanate than PFA, probably
because of its porous surface morphology. A synergistic effect was found by applying a very small quantity of a waterborne
release agent on the PTFE coating, before every foam molding cycle. The release agent formed a protective barrier that minimized
contact of the coating with the reactive mixture, allowing for stable and robust foam release performance. The problem of
polyurea build-up, associated with the use of aqueous release agents, was not observed because of the small amounts of compound
used.
Content Type Journal Article
Pages 1-8
DOI 10.1007/s11998-012-9413-y
Authors
Leandro Figueiredo, LEPAEâDepartamento de Engenharia QuĂmica, Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
Pedro Bandeira, Flupol, Rua da Central, 401, 4440-043 Campo, Portugal
Margarida M. S. M. Bastos, LEPAEâDepartamento de Engenharia QuĂmica, Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
FernĂŁo D. MagalhĂŁes, LEPAEâDepartamento de Engenharia QuĂmica, Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
NiâP deposits with a phosphorous content of up to 20% (wt) were obtained on AA6061 substrates by direct current electrodeposition
technique from a solution containing nickel sulfate, nickel chloride, phosphorous acid, phosphoric acid, and a wetting agent
(sodium lauryl sulfate). The effect of various plating parameters like current density, concentration of phosphorous acid,
concentration of phosphoric acid and plating temperature on the P content of the coating as well as the rate of deposition
was investigated systematically. It has been observed that the influence of current density on the P content of the deposit
is largely dependent on the concentration of phosphorous acid in the plating bath. Composition, surface morphology, microstructure,
and mechanical properties of the NiâP deposits were studied using SEM, EDAX, XRD, and nanoindentation techniques. NiâP electrodeposits
with low P content in the range of 4â7 wt% of P exhibited superior microhardness of 7.74â8.57 GPa. With increasing P content
in the deposit, the structure undergoes transition from crystalline to nanocrystalline and becomes amorphous above 9.14 wt%
of P. NiâP alloys with some selected compositions were subjected to heat treatment at 400°C for 1 h in a hot air oven and
the resulting variation in mechanical properties was studied using nanoindentation technique.
Content Type Journal Article
Pages 1-13
DOI 10.1007/s11998-012-9411-0
Authors
Anju M. Pillai, Thermal Systems Group, ISRO Satellite Centre, Vimanapura Post, Bangalore, 560 017 India
A. Rajendra, Thermal Systems Group, ISRO Satellite Centre, Vimanapura Post, Bangalore, 560 017 India
A. K. Sharma, Thermal Systems Group, ISRO Satellite Centre, Vimanapura Post, Bangalore, 560 017 India
Dielectric measurements are reported covering a frequency range from 10â3 to 105 Hz and a temperature range from ~355 to 410 K for a pigmented epoxy/polyester resin powder coating system. A large low frequency
ohmic conduction was observed in all these systems and the electrical modulus representation was used to aid analysis. A space
charge relaxation indicative of heterogeneity in the matrix was observed in the pure resin and the pigmented coatings. In
the pure resin, the heterogeneity is associated with nanoscale phase separation. A study with the resin modified with Modaflow,
an ester copolymer dispersion agent, shows that the dipole relaxation is more ideal and the activation energy for dipole relaxation
is reduced compared with that observed in the pure resin. The introduction of titanium dioxide pigment reduces the activation
energy but also increases the magnitude of the ohmic conductivity and space charge contributions to the dielectric permittivity.
All the systems exhibit heterogeneity and in the case of a pigmented system charge carriers can be introduced into the system
by the pigment. Clear differences are observed between TiO2 produced via the chloride and sulfate routes, reflecting different levels of charge carriers and ion mobile in the resin
system. High levels of mobile ions were also observed when zinc oxide and silica were used as pigments.
Content Type Journal Article
Pages 1-15
DOI 10.1007/s11998-012-9405-y
Authors
Emile C. Trottier, WestCHEM, Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, Thomas Graham Building, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow, G1 1Xl UK
Stanley Affrossman, WestCHEM, Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, Thomas Graham Building, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow, G1 1Xl UK
Richard A. Pethrick, WestCHEM, Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, Thomas Graham Building, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow, G1 1Xl UK
In this article, the thermally driven edge-cracking behavior of a coatingâsubstrate system has been investigated. The transient
thermal stress field has been derived in a closed form for the corresponding uncracked counterpart medium. By applying the
equal thermal stresses but with opposite sign on the crack surface to be the only external load, the thermal stress intensity
factors (TSIFs) at the crack tip were then obtained. The finite element method was utilized to implement the calculation.
Based on dimensional analysis, the main dimensionless parameters affecting TSIFs were identified, and the dependence of TSIFs
on these parameters was illustrated, such as dimensionless time, crack depth, and thermal constants as well as mechanical
constants. These results may provide some useful references for designing a coatingâsubstrate system under rapidly changing
thermal environments.
Content Type Journal Article
Pages 1-9
DOI 10.1007/s11998-012-9404-z
Authors
Xuejun Chen, Department of Applied Mechanics, University of Science and Technology Beijing, No. 30 Xueyuan Road, Beijing, 100083 Peopleâs Republic of China
Qi Liu, Department of Applied Mechanics, University of Science and Technology Beijing, No. 30 Xueyuan Road, Beijing, 100083 Peopleâs Republic of China
Qian Ma, Department of Applied Mechanics, University of Science and Technology Beijing, No. 30 Xueyuan Road, Beijing, 100083 Peopleâs Republic of China
This article describes the use of thermally stimulated electrical discharge (TSD) measurements in the study of the cure processes
occurring for a range of titanium dioxide, silica, and zinc oxide-pigmented epoxy polyester films. The unfilled polyesterâepoxy
resin system exhibits a simple TSD profile indicative of a combination of space charge and dipole relaxation processes. The
addition of the Modaflow, which is used to aid in the dispersion of the pigment in the system, induces phase separation under
certain cure conditions. In a number of systems, two lower temperature Tg peaks were initially observed, which collapsed into a single peak on post cure. The principal difference between the two
grades of titanium dioxide was the size of the space charge peak, which is a direct indication of the mobile ion content in
the material. The sulfate has higher mobile ion content than the chloride route material. Differences were observed between
traces of silica and zinc oxide, which reflect the ability of the particles to interact with the resin and form a dense matrix.
Silica at low concentrations is able to reduce the space charge peak which implies it can trap ions. The TSD study indicates
that the pigments are able to change the morphology of the matrix which is being formed.
Content Type Journal Article
Pages 1-8
DOI 10.1007/s11998-012-9410-1
Authors
Emile C. Trottier, WestCHEM, Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, Thomas Graham Building, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow, G1 1Xl UK
Stanley Affrossman, WestCHEM, Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, Thomas Graham Building, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow, G1 1Xl UK
Richard A. Pethrick, WestCHEM, Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, Thomas Graham Building, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow, G1 1Xl UK
A nanodispersion of surface-functionalized fumed silica was incorporated into an acrylic paint formulation. SEM imaging indicated
good dispersion of silica within the polymer matrix. This hybrid coating showed significantly lower dirt pick-up than the
equivalent paint formulation without nanosilica additive, towards both organic and inorganic ashes. Washing with running water
further decreases dirt retention. This self-cleaning performance remained unchanged after several dirt/washing cycles, during
a 1-month period. Surface hardness measurements indicated no significant differences between the original and composite paint
films. The lower dirt pick-up was attributed to nanoroughness created by the nanosilica particles present in the film.
Content Type Journal Article
Pages 1-7
DOI 10.1007/s11998-012-9407-9
Authors
Catarina Carneiro, CIN â Corporação Industrial do Norte, S.A., Avenida Dom Mendo 831, Apartado 1008, 4471-909 Maia, Portugal
Ricardo Vieira, LEPAE â Departamento de Engenharia QuĂmica, Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
FernĂŁo D. MagalhĂŁes, LEPAE â Departamento de Engenharia QuĂmica, Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
In this article, a waterborne antifouling coating was prepared using novel synthesized silicone-acrylate emulsion and 2,3-epoxy-2-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone.
The silicone-acrylate emulsion was synthesized using polymerizable co-emulsifiers (4-propyl-1-(1-propenyl) sulfosuccinate
(M-10S) and allyl octylphenyl polyoxyethylene glycol ether (AE-200)), and characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy,
differential scanning calorimetry, and transmission electron microscopy micrograph. The particles in the emulsion are all
spherical with an average particle size of 66.5 nm. The adhesion of the coating film reaches 1 grade and its impact resistance
is over 50 cm kg. The antifouling activity of the coating film is excellent when the concentration of ME is 6.77 wt%.
Content Type Journal Article
Pages 1-8
DOI 10.1007/s11998-012-9406-x
Authors
Yuan-Yuan Qu, State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024 Peopleâs Republic of China
Shu-Fen Zhang, State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024 Peopleâs Republic of China
Corrosion of steel rebars in reinforced concrete is one of the major problems in the construction industry. Carbonation reactions
of concrete with carbon dioxide and, mainly, the chloride salts action are the main causes responsible for concrete degradation.
Protective coatings help to improve the durability of concrete structures by acting as a physical barrier against the corrosion
agents. Waterborne paints are usually used for concrete protection rather than solvent-based paints since they are less pollutant.
The aim of this work is to investigate the influence of the pore size and porosity on the permeability of the paints films
toward sodium chloride. Three characterization methods from membrane science were implemented to characterize paint coatings.
The time-lag method was used to determine the permeability toward the sodium chloride and toward helium and argon, these for
approximately 100% relative humidity. From the seven waterborne paints formulated, only one was found to be suitable for surface
protection of reinforced concrete, since its permeability toward NaCl was smaller than 10â14 m2 sâ1, the threshold value required by National Laboratory of Civil Engineering (LNEC) in Portugal. For the formulated paints,
it was observed that the average pore size correlates well with the permeability toward sodium chloride. This is an important
result since obtaining the permeability toward sodium chloride of corrosion protective paints is very time consuming, while
the average pore size can be obtained in a much shorter time.
Content Type Journal Article
Category Brief Communication
Pages 365-374
DOI 10.1007/s11998-011-9388-0
Authors
Paula Dias, LEPAE, Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
Catarina Carneiro, CIN, Corporação Industrial do Norte, S. A., Avenida Dom Mendo 831, Apartado 1008, 4471-909 Maia, Portugal
LuĂsa Andrade, LEPAE, Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
The UV-curable waterborne polyurethane acrylate (UV-WPUA) oligomer was first prepared based on isophorone diisocyanate (IPDI),
polyether polyol (NJ-220), dimethylol propionic acid (DMPA), and hydroxyethyl methyl acrylate (HEMA) via an in situ method.
With the different content tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) and 3-glycidyloxypropyltrimethoxysilane (GLYMO) as coupling agents, a
series of waterborne UV-WPUA/SiO2 oligomers were prepared by the solâgel process. The physical and mechanical properties of the UV-WPUA and UV-WPUA/SiO2 hybrid coating materials were measured. The UV-WPUA and WPUA/SiO2 hybrid materials were characterized using FTIR spectra, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis
(TGA), scanning electron microscope (SEM), transmission electron microscope (TEM), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) measuring apparatuses
to determine their structures, thermal properties, surface morphologies, etc. The results showed the SiO2 particles of the hybrid materials had wide dispersion, forming a good interfacial bonding layer on surfaces. The tensile
strength, water resistance, and thermal properties of the hybrid materials were better than those of the UV-WPUA. The resulting
UV-WPUA/SiO2 hybrids are promising for a number of applications, e.g., for high-performance water-based UV-curable coatings.
Content Type Journal Article
Pages 1-12
DOI 10.1007/s11998-012-9397-7
Authors
Fengxian Qiu, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013 China
Heping Xu, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013 China
Yingying Wang, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013 China
Jicheng Xu, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013 China
Dongya Yang, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013 China
Scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) is an excellent technique to detect electrochemical processes with high spatial
resolution. In this work, the effect of silicon (Si) nanoparticles on the corrosion protection performance of epoxy-coated
steel was examined by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and SECM analysis. The EIS was performed in continuous
immersion in 0.1 M NaCl(aq) solution. The addition of Si nanoparticles increased the coating film resistance (Rf) and the charge transfer resistance (Rct) of coated steel. SECM mapping and line scan analysis was performed in order to estimate the coating performance with Si
nanoparticles in 0.1 M NaCl(aq) solution. SECM results indicated that the tip current at â0.70 V was decreased by the addition of Si nanoparticles in epoxy
film. These results suggested that the dissolved oxygen (DO) was consumed by anodic dissolution of Si nanoparticles. Surface
analysis showed that the Si was enriched at the scratched region of the coated steel after a corrosion test. From these results,
Si was dissolved as Sin+ and transferred to the scratched area, and then consumed the DO in the solution. Thus, the anodic dissolution of Fe at the
scratched area was suppressed by the Si nanoparticles, which implies the sacrificial effect of Si from the coating against
the steel corrosion. Hence, it was concluded that the Si nanoparticles had a beneficial effect on enhancing the corrosion
resistance of the coated steel.
Content Type Journal Article
Pages 1-12
DOI 10.1007/s11998-012-9398-6
Authors
A. Madhankumar, Research Centre for Strategic Materials, National Institute for Material Science (NIMS), 1-2-1 Sengen, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0047, Japan
N. Rajendran, Department of Chemistry, Anna University, Chennai, 600 025 India
T. Nishimura, Research Centre for Strategic Materials, National Institute for Material Science (NIMS), 1-2-1 Sengen, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0047, Japan
An investigation was done on the influences of current density and pH on the electrodeposition behavior of ZnâNiâFe alloys
using a sulfate bath. The bath consisted of 0.1 M ZnSO4, 0.1 M NiSO4, 0.1 M FeSO4, 0.2 M Na2SO4, 0.2 M H3BO3, and 0.01 M H2SO4. The results of ZnâNiâFe alloysâ codeposition revealed that the significant inhibition of Ni and Fe deposition takes place
because of the presence of Zn2+ in the plating bath. A transition current density was noticed above wherein a transition from normal to anomalous deposition
took place. Bright and uniform surface appearance deposits of ZnâNiâFe were the results obtained at pH range 2â5, and the
deposits showed high corrosion resistance. During the investigation, the usage of cyclic voltammetry and galvanostatic techniques
for electrodeposition were utilized, while linear polarization resistance and anodic linear sweeping voltammetry techniques
were used for the corrosion study. Characterization of morphology and the chemical composition of the deposits were performed
by means of scanning electron microscopy and atomic absorption spectroscopy.
Content Type Journal Article
Pages 1-9
DOI 10.1007/s11998-012-9402-1
Authors
Mortaga M. Abou-Krisha, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, South Valley University, Qena, 83523 Egypt
The adhesion of electrodeposition (ED) paint on steel sheets for automobiles is highly influenced by the properties of the
zinc phosphate coating which is used to improve its corrosion resistance. In the present study, a steel surface was pretreated
with two types of zinc phosphate formulations followed by ED painting. The surface morphology, crystal plane, and porosity
properties of phosphate coating on steel samples were studied by scanning electron microscope, X-ray diffraction, and electron
probe microanalyzer, respectively. The corrosion resistance of painted samples was evaluated by an accelerated corrosion test
as well as by electrochemical techniques like cathodic disbonding and ACâDCâAC tests. The phosphate coating enriched with
a phosphophyllite structure showed small globular crystals with less porosity, whereas a hopeite structure showed coarse crystals
with high porosity and comparatively thicker coating. The maximum corrosion resistance was observed in the painted sample,
where the phosphate coating comprised a phosphophyllite structure. On the other hand, the painted samples phosphated with
a predominantly hopeite structure showed inferior corrosion resistance performance. The unphosphated sample showed severe
degradation in paint adhesion and corrosion resistance, which substantiates the importance of phosphate pretreatment.
Content Type Journal Article
Pages 1-8
DOI 10.1007/s11998-012-9395-9
Authors
Nitu Rani, Research & Development Division, Tata Steel Limited, Jamshedpur, 831001 Jharkhand, India
Arun K. Singh, Research & Development Division, Tata Steel Limited, Jamshedpur, 831001 Jharkhand, India
Sarfaraz Alam, Research & Development Division, Tata Steel Limited, Jamshedpur, 831001 Jharkhand, India
N. Bandyopadhyay, Research & Development Division, Tata Steel Limited, Jamshedpur, 831001 Jharkhand, India
M. B. Denys, Research & Development Division, Tata Steel Limited, Jamshedpur, 831001 Jharkhand, India
The growth of fouling communities on shipsâ hulls causes economic losses due to increased fuel consumption and to the deterioration
of the metallic substrate by corrosion. Antifouling paints are formulated to avoid the settlement of these organisms and may
contain biocides as active compounds. The objective of this research was to evaluate the antifouling performance of paints
formulated with a âquebrachoâ tannin derivative (zinc âtannateâ) and âboostersâ (secondary biocides). The âboostersâ used
in this study were bismuth lactate, a zeolite exchanged with silver cations, and the same zeolite modified with silver chloride.
Bioassays with âboostersâ solutions were carried out employing Artemia persimilis. Soluble matrix antifouling paints were formulated and their action was assessed in a natural sea water environment. Results
showed that the bismuth lactate resulted in a coating with almost triple service life of the antifouling paints with zinc
âtannate.â Paints formulated with the silver composites behaved slightly better than the control paint.
Content Type Journal Article
Pages 1-9
DOI 10.1007/s11998-012-9403-0
Authors
N. Bellotti, CIDEPINT â Centro de InvestigaciĂłn y Desarrollo en TecnologĂa de Pinturas (CIC-CONICET), Calle 52 e/121 y 122, B1900AYB La Plata, Argentina
C. DeyĂĄ, CIDEPINT â Centro de InvestigaciĂłn y Desarrollo en TecnologĂa de Pinturas (CIC-CONICET), Calle 52 e/121 y 122, B1900AYB La Plata, Argentina
B. del Amo, CIDEPINT â Centro de InvestigaciĂłn y Desarrollo en TecnologĂa de Pinturas (CIC-CONICET), Calle 52 e/121 y 122, B1900AYB La Plata, Argentina
R. Romagnoli, CIDEPINT â Centro de InvestigaciĂłn y Desarrollo en TecnologĂa de Pinturas (CIC-CONICET), Calle 52 e/121 y 122, B1900AYB La Plata, Argentina
The partitioning of three coalescents of different polarity in different phases of multiphase acrylic particles was studied
to provide a rationale for obtaining the desired performance of binders for wood coatings in terms of the ideal balance between
hardness development, blocking resistance, and blushing resistance. Minimum film formation temperature- and aqueous differential
scanning calorimetry-measurements on the hard phase polymer by itself showed the different extents to which both hydroplasticization
and plasticization by the coalescent occur. Dynamic mechanical thermal analysis was subsequently used to visualize wet-Tg effects of three different coalescents in the hard and soft polymer phase of these multiphase acrylic particles. The results
have important consequences for the formulation of such binders in applications for exterior wood coatings and coatings in
general.
Content Type Journal Article
Pages 1-11
DOI 10.1007/s11998-012-9396-8
Authors
Bas Lohmeijer, BASF SE, Carl-Boschstrasse 38, 67056 Ludwigshafen, Germany
Roelof Balk, BASF SE, Carl-Boschstrasse 38, 67056 Ludwigshafen, Germany
Roland Baumstark, BASF SE, Carl-Boschstrasse 38, 67056 Ludwigshafen, Germany
A fluorineâsilicon polymer of poly(styrene-co-1H,1H,2H,2H-perfluorooctyl methacrylate-co-vinyltriethoxysilane) (PSFV) was synthesized by bulk polymerization, and superhydrophobic surfaces were subsequently fabricated
utilizing phase separation technique in one step by casting PSFV copolymer solution under ambient atmosphere. The PSFV copolymer
was dissolved in tetrahydrofuran (THF), and then ethanol was added into the solution to induce phase separation. The surface
morphologies of the copolymer films were controlled by the degree of phase separation, which could be tuned easily by the
ethanol/THF volume ratio and the solutionâs initial concentration. Scanning electron microscopy observations indicated that
the superhydrophobic copolymer film had a rough surface with a binary hierarchical structure. A brief explanation of the formation
of the special microstructure was put forward. The water contact angle and sliding angle of the superhydrophobic PSFV surface
were measured as 162° and 4°, respectively. The simplicity of the operationâs process might make the superhydrophobic surface
potentially useful in a variety of applications.
Content Type Journal Article
Pages 1-7
DOI 10.1007/s11998-012-9394-x
Authors
Qianqian Shang, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 211189 Jiangsu, China
Baosong Fu, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 211189 Jiangsu, China
Hu Liu, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 211189 Jiangsu, China
Mengyu Wang, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 211189 Jiangsu, China
Guomin Xiao, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 211189 Jiangsu, China
A macromonomer, 1,3-bis[(2-hydroxy-3-acrylate)propyloxy]2-hydroxypropane (BHAPP) was prepared by the reaction of acrylic acid
with diglycerol diglycidyl ether (DGE) in the presence of triethyl amine as a catalyst. The progress of the reaction was followed
by measuring the decrease in intensity of the epoxide absorption peak at 915 cmâ1, and structure of BHAPP was characterized by FTIR and 1H NMR spectroscopy. The effect of nanosilica (NS) particles as catalyst on thermal and photocuring of BHAPP was studied. The
photopolymerization was carried out with the visible light using camphorquinone and N,N-dimethylaminoethylmethacrylate (DMAEM) as the photoinitiating system. The kinetic parameters of thermal curing were obtained
using nonisothermal differential scanning calorimeter (DSC), and the data indicated that NS particles catalyzed the cure reaction
by shifting the exothermic peak toward lower temperatures, decreasing the activation energy (Ea), and increasing the rate constant value. The absorption properties of the cured nanocomposites were also studied in different
exposure conditions.
Content Type Journal Article
Pages 1-10
DOI 10.1007/s11998-012-9401-2
Authors
Mousa Ghaemy, Chemistry Faculty, University of Mazandaran, Babolsar, Iran
Sara Bekhradnia, Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
3-(Trimethoxysilyl) propyl methacrylate and fluoroalkylsilane modified silica particles were UV-cured with the multifunctional
crosslinking agent, dipentaerythritol hexaacrylate (DPHA), to prepare antiglare (AG) coatings that exhibit high hardness.
Modified silica was used to impart surface roughness whereas DPHA was used to provide hardness and adhesiveness. The formed
AG coatings were characterized in terms of topological, optical, and mechanical properties. It was found that with the increase
of DPHA content in the coatings, the surface roughness and haze decreased while the gloss and clarity increased. For samples
containing 40 and 50 wt% DPHA, the optical properties are comparable to commercial AG products for flat panel display and
touch panels. These prepared coatings also demonstrate high hardness of 5â6H and 100% adhesion on poly(ethylene terphathalate)
substrates.
Content Type Journal Article
Pages 1-8
DOI 10.1007/s11998-011-9392-4
Authors
Chao-Ching Chang, Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Tamkang University, 151, Yingzhuan Rd., Tamsui Dist., New Taipei City, 25137 Taiwan, ROC
Chien-Ming Chen, Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Tamkang University, 151, Yingzhuan Rd., Tamsui Dist., New Taipei City, 25137 Taiwan, ROC
Feng-His Hwang, Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Tamkang University, 151, Yingzhuan Rd., Tamsui Dist., New Taipei City, 25137 Taiwan, ROC
Ching-Chung Chen, Energy and Opto-Electronic Materials Research Center, Tamkang University, 151, Yingzhuan Rd., Tamsui Dist., New Taipei City, 25137 Taiwan, ROC
Liao-Ping Cheng, Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Tamkang University, 151, Yingzhuan Rd., Tamsui Dist., New Taipei City, 25137 Taiwan, ROC
Anticorrosion properties of silaneâzeolite composite coatings applied on aluminum substrates have been investigated. The composite
coatings were prepared with different zeolite microparticles concentration (from 500 to 8000 ppm). Physico-chemical tests
(Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, adhesion, scanning electron microscopy, and contact angle measurements) have been
carried out to evaluate the homogeneity and structural properties of the coatings. The coatings that resulted were highly
hydrophobic for all zeolite contents and showed a relatively good adhesion performance. Corrosion protection performances
in 3.5% NaCl solution were evaluated by means of polarization tests, evidencing good barrier characteristics of the composite
layer.
Content Type Journal Article
Pages 1-11
DOI 10.1007/s11998-011-9391-5
Authors
Luigi Calabrese, Department of Industrial Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Messina, Contrada di Dio, 98166 Messina, Italy
Lucio Bonaccorsi, Department of Industrial Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Messina, Contrada di Dio, 98166 Messina, Italy
Edoardo Proverbio, Department of Industrial Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Messina, Contrada di Dio, 98166 Messina, Italy
Metal-containing epoxy resins [ErâM(II)] have been prepared by the reaction of Schiff base metal complexes and epichlorohydrin
in basic medium. All the synthesized monomers and polymers were characterized by elemental, spectral (IR, 1H-NMR, and 13C-NMR), and thermal analysis. Coatings of the metal-containing epoxy resins were prepared on naval steel strips and subjected
to physicomechanical and anticorrosive tests. The surface morphology and thickness of the coatings was found to be 75 ± 10 Όm.
The Zn(II) chelated epoxy resin showed lower Icorr values of 0.482, 0.520, and 1.02 ÎŒA/cm2 in NaCl, NaOH, and HCl solution (3.5 wt%), respectively. In addition, the antimicrobial activity of the prepared coating
strips was carried out by using minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration methods against S. aureus, B. subtilis, E. coli, and P. aeruginosa. It was found that the ErâCu(II) showed higher antibacterial activity than other metal chelated epoxy resins.
Content Type Journal Article
Pages 1-9
DOI 10.1007/s11998-011-9393-3
Authors
Tansir Ahamad, Department of Chemistry, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh, 11451 Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
Saad M. Alshehri, Department of Chemistry, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh, 11451 Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
Plasma spray technology was used for the preparation of metallic coatings with reversibly switchable wettability. By spraying
Fe, Cr, and Ni mixture powders with different sizes, a micro/submicro-dual scale morphology was obtained. The resultant metallic
coating had a superhydrophilic nature, but could be switched into superhydrophobic by spraying an acetone solution of dodecanoic
acid while the sprayed surface remained within a temperature range of 100â200°C, although dodecanoic acid itself has a hydrophilic
nature. The obtained superhydrophobic coating remained stable if the temperature was below 200°C. The surface wettability
could further be switched between superhydrophilicity and superhydrophobicity within a time-scale of only seconds by heating
above 220°C and re-spraying the acetone solution of dodecanoic acid in the temperature range of 100â200°C. A chemisorbed molecular
layer of dodecanoic acid was responsible for the decrease of the surface energy, and the Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy
(FTIR) results suggested that heating the substrate can greatly facilitate the formation of the chemisorbed layer and preferential
orientation of the dodecanoic acid molecule.
Content Type Journal Article
Pages 1-9
DOI 10.1007/s11998-011-9390-6
Authors
Zhengfeng Li, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, China University of Petroleum, Changping, 102249 Beijing, China
Yanjun Zheng, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, China University of Petroleum, Changping, 102249 Beijing, China
Lishan Cui, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, China University of Petroleum, Changping, 102249 Beijing, China
A coating precursor containing both acrylate functionality and trimethoxysilane functionality was produced by reacting bisphenol-A
glycerolate diacrylate with 3-isocyanatopropyltimethoxysilane. With this precursor, two different crosslinked networks can
be produced. A polyacrylate network can be produced using a radiation-cure mechanism while a polysiloxane network can be produced
by hydrolysis and condensation reactions involving the trimethoxysilane groups. The objective of the study was to determine
the utility of this dual-cure system for generating rapid-cure coatings for corrosion protection. Coating properties were
determined as a function of cure conditions. The results of the study showed that the formation of siloxane crosslinks was
significantly hindered by the crosslinked network induced by the UV-curing process. Even though the overall conversion of
trimethoxysilane groups to siloxane crosslinks was relatively low, coating barrier properties were significantly enhanced
and coating free volume reduced. At ambient conditions, additional crosslinking occurring through siloxane bond formation
increased within the first 4 days after UV-curing. Beyond this period, siloxane bond formation remained unchanged as did coating
properties.
Content Type Journal Article
Pages 1-9
DOI 10.1007/s11998-011-9389-z
Authors
Jie He, The Center for Nanoscale Science and Engineering, North Dakota State University, 1735 Research Park Drive, Fargo, ND 58102, USA
Bret J. Chisholm, The Center for Nanoscale Science and Engineering, North Dakota State University, 1735 Research Park Drive, Fargo, ND 58102, USA
Bret A. Mayo, The Center for Nanoscale Science and Engineering, North Dakota State University, 1735 Research Park Drive, Fargo, ND 58102, USA
Hanzhen Bao, Department of Coatings and Polymeric Materials, North Dakota State University, 1735 Research Park Drive, Fargo, ND 58102, USA
Jared Risan, The Center for Nanoscale Science and Engineering, North Dakota State University, 1735 Research Park Drive, Fargo, ND 58102, USA
David A. Christianson, The Center for Nanoscale Science and Engineering, North Dakota State University, 1735 Research Park Drive, Fargo, ND 58102, USA
Crystal L. Rafferty, The Center for Nanoscale Science and Engineering, North Dakota State University, 1735 Research Park Drive, Fargo, ND 58102, USA
This study describes the application of conductive polymer inks onto PET foils by the waterless offset printing technique.
Commercially available conductive polymer inks were employed, which exhibit significantly lower viscosities than conventional
offset printing inks. The main focus was put on the influence of the rubber blanket, which covers the blanket cylinder of
the offset printing unit, on the morphology and electrical properties of the printed conductive polymer layers. Since film
splitting occurs between substrate and rubber blanket, the latter affects the amount of ink which is transferred by the printing
process. The wet film thickness of the printed material was determined for different rubber blanket specifications and inking
rates. In addition, the resistivity of the printed conductive polymer layer was measured after flue-curing of the samples.
Further, the electrical performance on corona-treated and untreated PET substrate foils was compared.
Content Type Journal Article
Pages 1-8
DOI 10.1007/s11998-011-9387-1
Authors
S. Dilfer, Institute of Printing Science and Technology, Technische UniversitÀt Darmstadt, Magdalenenstrasse 2, 64289 Darmstadt, Germany
N. Schmitt, Institute of Printing Science and Technology, Technische UniversitÀt Darmstadt, Magdalenenstrasse 2, 64289 Darmstadt, Germany
Four monomeric reactive hindered piperidinol derivatives, such as 4-methacryloyl-1,2,2,6,6-pentamethyl-piperidinyl (MPMP),
4-acryloyl-1,2,2,6,6-pentamethyl-piperidinyl (APMP), 4-methacryloyl-2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-piperidinyl (MTMP), and 4-acryloyl-2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-piperidinyl
(ATMP), were applied as reactive hindered amine light stabilizers (r-HALS) in UV-curable coatings. The effect of r-HALS on
the UV-curing kinetics of the UV-curable coatings of different monomers or oligomers has been previously investigated. Polymer
coatings were prepared by means of UV-curing technology; experiments were conducted manually on photoaging indoors, monitoring
the Yellowness Index (YI) in the photooxidation process, and adding r-HALS. The experiments were done to review its photoprotection
effect on UV-cured coatings. Subsequently, they were compared with typical commercial HALS through parallel experiments to
investigate the photooxidation aging mechanism of polymer coatings, and the effective concentration was determined from the
changing circumstances of YI, thus comparing their differences in photostabilizing effect in situ of the polymer coatings.
Content Type Journal Article
Pages 1-8
DOI 10.1007/s11998-011-9385-3
Authors
Yongtao Zhang, Department of Polymeric Materials and Engineering, Faculty of Materials and Energy, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006 Peopleâs Republic of China
Xiaoxuan Liu, Department of Polymeric Materials and Engineering, Faculty of Materials and Energy, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006 Peopleâs Republic of China
Zhixian Dong, Department of Polymeric Materials and Engineering, Faculty of Materials and Energy, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006 Peopleâs Republic of China
Yanyan Cui, Department of Polymeric Materials and Engineering, Faculty of Materials and Energy, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006 Peopleâs Republic of China
In this study, co-doped ZnO rod arrays with wurtzite crystal structure were successfully prepared on zinc substrate by the
co-precipitation method. The results of crystal analysis indicated that the dopant Co2+ was incorporated into ZnO crystal. Photoluminescence (PL) spectra and magnetization curves proved that their PL intensity
and ferromagnetism were increased with the increase of Co2+ concentrations in a ZnO host. Currentâvoltage characteristic curves of Co-doped ZnO rod arrays indicated that as-prepared
samples were n-type semiconductors. Co-doped ZnO rod arrays could be envisioned to detect diseases and bacteria based on these
properties.
Content Type Journal Article
Pages 1-8
DOI 10.1007/s11998-011-9384-4
Authors
Chaoqun Zhang, Medical Engineering Department, PLA Chengdu Military Area Command General Hospital, Tianhui Town, Chengdu, Peopleâs Republic of China
Zhongbing Huang, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, No. 24, South 1st Section, 1st Ring Road, Chengdu, 610065 Peopleâs Republic of China
Xiaoming Liao, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, No. 24, South 1st Section, 1st Ring Road, Chengdu, 610065 Peopleâs Republic of China
Guangfu Yin, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, No. 24, South 1st Section, 1st Ring Road, Chengdu, 610065 Peopleâs Republic of China
Jianwen Gu, Medical Engineering Department, PLA Chengdu Military Area Command General Hospital, Tianhui Town, Chengdu, Peopleâs Republic of China
Coating degradation mechanisms of thermoset coatings exposed to ultraviolet radiation and humidity at constant temperature
are investigated. The essential processes, photoinitiated oxidation reactions, intrafilm oxygen permeability, water absorption
and diffusion, reduction of crosslink density, and development of a thin surface oxidation zone are quantified and a mathematical
model for degrading coatings developed. Front-tracking techniques are used to determine the rate of movement of the oxidation
and ablation fronts, the positions of which define the extension of the surface oxidation zone. Three previous and independent
experimental investigations with two-component, densely crosslinked, epoxyâamine model coatings were selected for verification
of the mathematical model. Simulations can match and explain transient mass loss and coating thickness reduction data and
are in agreement with infrared measurements of carbonyl groups formed in the surface zone. The thickness of the stable surface
oxidation zone, which is established after an initial ablation lag time, is estimated by the model to 0.5â2 ÎŒm in good agreement
with previous measurements. Simulated concentration profiles of active groups, oxygen, and radicals in the stable surface
oxidation zone are presented and analyzed. The mathematical model can be used for obtaining a quantitative insight into the
degradation of thermoset coatings and has potential, after further development, to complete commercial coatings and dynamic
exposure conditions, to become a supplementing tool for predicting in-service coating behavior based on accelerated laboratory
measurements.
Content Type Journal Article
Pages 1-24
DOI 10.1007/s11998-011-9383-5
Authors
SĂžren Kiil, Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Building 229, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
The influence of 1(2E)-1-(4-aminophenyl)-3-(2-thienyl)prop-2-en-1-one (ATPI) on the corrosion behavior of weld aged maraging steel in 1.5 M hydrochloric
acid was studied by potentiodynamic polarization method and AC impedance (EIS) technique at different temperatures. The results
showed that the inhibition efficiency of ATPI increased with the increase in the concentration of inhibitor and decreased
with the increase in temperature. ATPI acts as a mixed type inhibitor without affecting the mechanism of the hydrogen evolution
reaction or iron dissolution. The adsorption of ATPI on a weld aged maraging steel surface obeys the Langmuir adsorption isotherm
equation. Both activation and thermodynamic parameters were calculated and discussed. ATPI inhibits the corrosion through
both physisorption and chemisorption on the alloy surface. The surface morphology of the weld aged maraging steel specimens
in the presence and the absence of the inhibitors was studied by the respective SEM images.
Content Type Journal Article
Pages 1-11
DOI 10.1007/s11998-011-9379-1
Authors
B. S. Sanatkumar, Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Karnataka, Surathkal, Srinivasnagar, 575 025 Karnataka, India
Jagannath Nayak, Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, National Institute of Technology Karnataka, Surathkal, Srinivasnagar, 575 025 Karnataka, India
A. Nityananda Shetty, Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Karnataka, Surathkal, Srinivasnagar, 575 025 Karnataka, India
The effectiveness of hydroxyapatite (HA) coating prepared by electrodeposition technique in improving the corrosion resistance
of commercially pure magnesium (CP-Mg) in simulated body fluid (SBF) is addressed. The coating formed in as-deposited condition
is identified as dicalcium phosphate dehydrate (DCPD) (Brushite), which is converted to HA after immersion in 1 M NaOH at
80°C for 2 h. The XRD patterns and FTIR spectra confirm the formation of DCPD and HA. During electrodeposition, the H2PO4â ion is reduced and the reaction between Ca2+ ions and the reduced phosphate ions leads to the formation of DCPD, which is converted to HA following treatment in NaOH.
The deposition of HA coating enables a threefold increase in the corrosion resistance of CP-Mg. The ability to offer a significant
improvement in corrosion resistance coupled with the bioactive characteristics of the HA coating establish that electrodeposition
of HA is a viable approach to engineer the surface of CP-Mg in the development of Mg-based degradable implant materials.
Content Type Journal Article
Pages 1-8
DOI 10.1007/s11998-011-9382-6
Authors
M. Jamesh, National Metallurgical Laboratory, Madras Centre, CSIR Madras Complex, Taramani, Chennai, 600 113 India
Satendra Kumar, National Metallurgical Laboratory, Madras Centre, CSIR Madras Complex, Taramani, Chennai, 600 113 India
T. S. N. Sankara Narayanan, National Metallurgical Laboratory, Madras Centre, CSIR Madras Complex, Taramani, Chennai, 600 113 India
Nitrogen oxides (NOx) play a key role in the atmospheric reactions that create ground-level ozone and acid rain. The exploitation of building
coatings acting as catalysts for NOx degradation under the effect of solar radiation represents a feasible way of wide applicability to lower NOx concentration in air. A crucial issue for the practical application of photocatalytic coatings is the actual lifetime of
the active material. To investigate this aspect, two paints and two plasters (silicate and siloxane resins based) commercially
available were formulated with 2% TiO2 Aeroxide P25 and tested in the photocatalytic removal of NOx in air. The results collected over 1 year show how the photoactivity lifetime of these products always decreases with their
curing age, being strictly correlated to the formulation of the materials.
Content Type Journal Article
Pages 1-6
DOI 10.1007/s11998-011-9381-7
Authors
C. Pirola, Dipartimento di Chimica Fisica ed Elettrochimica, UniversitĂ degli Studi di Milano, via Golgi 19, 20133 Milan, Italy
D. C. Boffito, Dipartimento di Chimica Fisica ed Elettrochimica, UniversitĂ degli Studi di Milano, via Golgi 19, 20133 Milan, Italy
S. Vitali, Dipartimento di Chimica Fisica ed Elettrochimica, UniversitĂ degli Studi di Milano, via Golgi 19, 20133 Milan, Italy
C. L. Bianchi, Dipartimento di Chimica Fisica ed Elettrochimica, UniversitĂ degli Studi di Milano, via Golgi 19, 20133 Milan, Italy
The computer graphic simulation of a common spray painting artifact, called orange peel, is discussed. Orange peel distorts
surface reflections and is commonplace in product design applications. The orange peel measurements from a standard industrial
instrument are used to construct a height field, and this surface is rendered using traditional normal mapping techniques.
Comparisons are made between real panels with orange peel and simulations of those panels. A simple visual model for detecting
the presence of orange peel is also presented and evaluated. User testing of the model confirms that orange peel is more visible
on dark paint colors than on light paint colors. The latter outcome suggests that to minimize application time, but still
keep orange peel below visual threshold, paint application systems should be designed to take paint color into account.
Content Type Journal Article
Pages 297-307
DOI 10.1007/s11998-011-9378-2
Authors
Jonathan Konieczny, Department of Computer Science, Digital Technology Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
Gary Meyer, Department of Computer Science, Digital Technology Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
As a consequence of regulatory pressure to reduce solvent emissions, there is high growth rate of âcompliant technologiesâ
such as waterborne (WB) coatings. However, a change from conventional solventborne (SB) to WB technologies should not compromise
the protective function of the coatings and the used raw materials. The use of light stabilizers, such as UV absorbers (UVA)
and hindered amine light stabilizers (HALS) are state-of-the-art and largely improve the coating durability and service lifetime.
Today in the case of UVA one has to differentiate between inorganic and organic products: the most widely used organic UVA
for coating applications are 2-(2-hydroxyphenyl)-benzotriazole (BTZ) and 2-hydroxyphenyl-s-triazine (HPT) derivatives. Inorganic
products are ideally nano particulate materialsâso-called mineral screeners (MS)âcomprised of titanium dioxide (TiO2), zinc oxide (ZnO), or cerium oxide (CeO2). The challenge here is to convert existing products which are in general hydrophobic substances into product forms that
enable easy incorporation and unproblematic dispersion into WB systems. This article describes UV absorbers which are commercially
available for waterborne coatings. Different classes are tested with regard to their protective function in joinery coatings
as well as with regard to their influence on coatings color and transparency. The findings of this study showed clearly that
the 2-hydroxyphenyl-s-triazine class outperforms all other UVA in terms of long-term performance without influencing initial
coating properties.
A primary cause of coating failure is diffusion of water through organic coatings during which many corrosive species are
transported to the metal-coating interface. However, water vapor permeability through the coating improves blister resistance
to a certain extent. The present work describes the influence of chemical nature of the polymer on the above two properties.
Attempts were also made to establish a correlation between these two properties for pigmented organic coating. Six paints
were formulated and processed using six different types of binders at a constant pigment volume concentration (PVC) and specific
gravity. Water ingress, water vapor permeability, and water absorption of these coatings were estimated using electrochemical
impedance measurements (EIS), permeability cup method, and gravimetric method, respectively. There exists a good linear correlation
between water uptake measured by EIS and water absorption measured by gravimetry. Similarly, a correlation was also noticed
between water uptake by EIS and water vapor permeability. However, polyurethane type polymers did not fit into this linear
correlation. Furthermore, influence of the resin chemistry on anticorrosive properties of these coatings was also studied
using EIS and salt spray exposure test. Among all polymers under investigation, acrylic polyol-based polyurethane has shown
the lowest water uptake, higher impedance, better salt spray resistance but higher water vapor transmission rate.
Content Type Journal Article
Pages 1-12
DOI 10.1007/s11998-011-9376-4
Authors
Subrahmanya Shreepathi, Research and Technology Centre, Asian Paints Limited, Plot No. C3-B/1, TTC MIDC, Pawane, Thane Belapur Road, Navi Mumbai, 400705 India
Shrikant M. Naik, Research and Technology Centre, Asian Paints Limited, Plot No. C3-B/1, TTC MIDC, Pawane, Thane Belapur Road, Navi Mumbai, 400705 India
Mohan Rao Vattipalli, Research and Technology Centre, Asian Paints Limited, Plot No. C3-B/1, TTC MIDC, Pawane, Thane Belapur Road, Navi Mumbai, 400705 India
A new silane-containing acrylic macromonomer, maleimidedoethoxybutoxydimethylsiloxy butyl acrylate (MEBDMSBA), based on maleic
anhydride (MA), ethanolamine (EA), 1,4-butanediol (BDO), dichlorodimethylsilane (DCDMS), and acrylic acid (AA) has been synthesized
for formulation of waterborne polyurethane (WPU). Also a series of new silane-containing WPU, methyl methacrylate (MMA), MEBDMSBA,
and montmorillonite (MMT) with organically modified montmorillonite (OMMT) content (1.25 wt%) hybrid nanocomposites have been
successfully prepared by the emulsion polymerization in the presence of a WPU dispersion, using ammonium peroxodisulfate (APS)
as an initiator. The WPU dispersion has been synthesized by a polyaddition reaction of isophorone diisocyanate (IPDI) on polypropylene
glycol (PPG-1000) and dimethylol propionic acid (DMPA) as chain extender. The monomer was characterized by Fourier transformer
infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), elemental analysis, proton (1H NMR), and carbon (13C NMR) nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopes, respectively. The nanocomposite emulsions were also characterized using Fourier
transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and laser light scattering. Thermal properties of the copolymers were studied using
thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The OMMT was characterized by FTIR and X-ray
diffraction (XRD). The morphology of copolymers was investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transition electron
microscopy (TEM), and then the effects of silane concentrations on the water absorption ratio were examined. Results showed
that OMMT could improve the properties of emulsion; in other words, the properties of nanocomposite emulsion were better when
compared with those of the silaneâacrylate emulsion.
Content Type Journal Article
Pages 323-336
DOI 10.1007/s11998-011-9373-7
Authors
Hamid Javaheriannaghash, Department of Chemistry, Islamic Azad University, Shahreza Branch, P.O. Box 311-86145, Shahreza, Isfahan, Islamic Republic of Iran
Nasrin Ghazavi, Department of Chemistry, Islamic Azad University, Shahreza Branch, P.O. Box 311-86145, Shahreza, Isfahan, Islamic Republic of Iran
The ceramic coatings were prepared on open-cell aluminum foams by microarc oxidation (MAO) treatment in an alkaline-silicon
electrolyte. The morphology, microstructure, elemental distribution, and phase composition of the MAO coatings were investigated
by scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction, respectively. The corrosion
behaviors of the coated and uncoated foams were evaluated by electrochemical polarization measurement. The results show that
the MAO coatings cover the surface of open-cell aluminum foams. The coatings were composed of an external porous layer and
an internal dense layer. The main phase of the MAO coating phase is Îł-Al2O3. The coated aluminum foams exhibit more positive corrosion potential and lower corrosion current density compared with the
uncoated aluminum foams.
Content Type Journal Article
Pages 357-363
DOI 10.1007/s11998-011-9377-3
Authors
Jiaan Liu, Key Laboratory of Automobile Materials (Jilin University), Ministry of Education, and College of Materials Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, 130025 Peopleâs Republic of China
Xianyong Zhu, Key Laboratory of Automobile Materials (Jilin University), Ministry of Education, and College of Materials Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, 130025 Peopleâs Republic of China
Zhiqiu Huang, Key Laboratory of Automobile Materials (Jilin University), Ministry of Education, and College of Materials Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, 130025 Peopleâs Republic of China
Sirong Yu, Key Laboratory of Automobile Materials (Jilin University), Ministry of Education, and College of Materials Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, 130025 Peopleâs Republic of China
Xizhen Yang, School of Sciences, Changchun University, Changchun, 130022 Peopleâs Republic of China
Conductive polymers have been studied extensively because of their attractive physical properties, such as conductivity, luminescent
performance, and dielectric property. Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) is one of the most employed conductive polymers
for applications, such as a buffer layer of organic electroluminescent devices, due to its high conductivity and electrical
stability. In this study, we fabricated a conductive paper coated with PEDOT by direct polymerization onto a paper sheet.
The conductive paper exhibited the electrical conductivity of 1.8 S/cm. Scanning electron microscopy images of the conductive
paper showed two structures: thin polymer membranes attached to cellulose fibers at the surfaces, and thick polymer sheets
extended through the void spaces between the fibers in the inner layers. Consequently, strong interactions between the PEDOT
and the cellulose fibers enhanced mechanical properties of the conductive paper. Electron probe X-ray microanalysis (EPMA)
revealed distribution elemental maps of carbon, oxygen, sulfur, chlorine, and iron on the conductive paper.
Content Type Journal Article
Pages 1-8
DOI 10.1007/s11998-011-9375-5
Authors
Hirotsugu Kawashima, Institute of Materials Science, Graduate School of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8573, Japan
Masako Shinotsuka, Industrial Technology Institute of Ibaraki Prefecture, Textile Technology Office, 189 Shikanokubo, Yu-ki, Ibaraki 307-0015, Japan
Mutsuko Nakano, Industrial Technology Institute of Ibaraki Prefecture, Textile Technology Office, 189 Shikanokubo, Yu-ki, Ibaraki 307-0015, Japan
Hiromasa Goto, Institute of Materials Science, Graduate School of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8573, Japan
In this article, systematic calculation of the radius of gyration (Rg) of a block copolymer immersed in various solvents is presented. Using atomistically detailed, molecular dynamics computer
simulations, we carry out the calculation of Rg at different polymerization degrees, for each solvent. Our results show that, given a solvent and a polymerization degree,
Rg can display different values. This aspect is found to be a consequence of the spatial conformation of the constitutive blocks
that make up the polymer molecule. Finally, we find that there exists a correlation between Rg and the solubility parameter and that the trend in Rg predicted by our calculations agrees with previous experimental results.
Flexible blades are often employed to spread liquid coating thinly onto a flat smooth substrate. In this study, we derive
a fifth-order nonlinear ordinary differential equation for the thickness of a Newtonian coating and for the corresponding
blade deflection. After solving this equation numerically, a graph is produced to help engineers predict the coating thickness.
We find that blade deflection and coating thickness are governed by the blade angle and by a new dimensionless group called
the blade flexibility. For values of blade flexibility less than one, the coating thickness matches that of a rigid blade. The results of this
analysis provide an engineer with the ability to design a flexible blade configuration to deliver the desired coating thickness
onto a substrate.
Content Type Journal Article
Pages 269-277
DOI 10.1007/s11998-011-9366-6
Authors
A. J. Giacomin, Rheology Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706-1572, USA
J. D. Cook, Rheology Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706-1572, USA
L. M. Johnson, Rheology Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706-1572, USA
A. W. Mix, Rheology Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706-1572, USA
A UV-curable solvent-free antifouling coating formulated by a novel epoxy methacrylate-containing phthalazinone moiety with
reactive diluents and photoinitiator and non-toxic N-vanillylnonanamide as antifoulant was prepared. First, the basic performance of the cured films obtained was evaluated using
Chinese National Standards. This environmentally friendly antifouling coating has excellent physical properties, with a pencil
hardness of above 5H, an adhesion of grade 1, impact strength above 45 cm, and good resistance to alkali and salt but not
acid. Then antifouling evaluation was carried out by the leaching rate of antifoulant, and by immersing samples in natural
sea water, respectively. The results from the leaching rate of N-vanillylnonanamide from the antifouling coating shows that the release rate of 45 ÎŒg/m2 day of the coating with 15% antifoulant is steady after a slight decrease, and this coating can effectively prevent marine
organisms attaching for 6 months, which is also evidenced by field tests in natural sea water.
Content Type Journal Article
Pages 309-315
DOI 10.1007/s11998-011-9369-3
Authors
Jin-Yan Wang, State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024 China
Ming-Xia Lv, State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024 China
Yan Kou, State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024 China
Qin-Yi Wang, State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024 China
Xi-Gao Jian, State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024 China
Inhibition effect of Brugmansia suaveolens (BS) and Cassia roxburghii (CR) on mild carbon steel in 1.0 M HCl solution was studied. Inhibition efficiency of plant extracts were carried out by
using chemical (weight loss method) and electrochemical techniques (potentiodynamic polarization and electrochemical impedance
spectroscopy). The effect of temperature on the corrosion behavior of mild carbon steel in 1.0 M HCl with addition of plant
extracts was studied in the temperature range of 300â320 ± 1 K. Inhibition efficiencies up to 94.69 for BS and 93.22 for CR
can be obtained. The adsorption mechanism of inhibition was supported by FT-IR, surface analysis (SEMâEDS), and adsorption
isotherms. The thermodynamic parameter values of free energy of adsorption (∆Gads) reveal that inhibitor was adsorbed on the mild carbon steel surface via both physisorption and chemisorption mechanisms.
Content Type Journal Article
Pages 15-26
DOI 10.1007/s11998-011-9374-6
Authors
M. Gopiraman, Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu 620015, India
P. Sakunthala, Department of Chemistry, St. Josephâs College, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu 620015, India
D. Kesavan, Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu 620015, India
V. Alexramani, Department of Chemistry, St. Josephâs College, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu 620015, India
I. S. Kim, Nano Fusion Technology Research Lab, Faculty of Textile Science and Technology, Shinshu University, Ueda, Nagano 386-8567, Japan
N. Sulochana, Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu 620015, India
Among the numerous publications analyzing the causes and consequences of titanium dioxide crowding on the optical properties
of white paint films, one notes some inconsistencies. First, a significant number of studies are inclined to describe âdependentâ
and âmultipleâ scattering of light as distinct phenomena. Second, the transition from independent to dependent light-scattering
is often associated with an ill-defined âthresholdâ concentration. The aim of this study is to clarify the intricate connections
between these two scattering regimes and in particular to show that for white paint films loaded with rutile titanium dioxide
pigments, âdependentâ light scattering is merely a particular manifestation of multiple scattering processes. We also clarify
that the transition from independent to dependent scattering is a continuous process that cannot be formally related to a
specific threshold in the pigment volume concentration. Finally, we propose a simple method based on the dependent scattering amplitude to assist paint formulators facing the task of improving the hiding power of a white paint either by
increasing the quantity of pigments or by improving their spatial state of dispersion.
Content Type Journal Article
Pages 287-295
DOI 10.1007/s11998-011-9371-9
Authors
J.-C. Auger, Kyoralis Research and Consulting, 5 rue du Loing, 75014 Paris, France
In this study, innovative TiO2/Al2O3 mono/multilayers were applied by atomic layer depositions (ALD) on ASTM-AZ-31 magnesium/aluminum alloy to enhance its well-known
scarce corrosion resistance. Four different configurations of ALD layers were tested: single TiO2 layer, single Al2O3 layer, Al2O3/TiO2 bilayer and Al2O3/TiO2/Al2O3/TiO2 multilayer deposited using Al[(CH3)]3 (trimethylaluminum, TMA), and TiCl4 and H2O precursors. All depositions were performed at 120°C to obtain an amorphous-like structure of both oxide layers. The four
coatings were then investigated using different techniques, such as scanning electron microscope (SEM), stylus profilometer,
glow discharge optical emission spectrometry (GDOES) and polarization curves in 0.05-M NaCl solution. The thickness of all
the coatings was around 100 nm. The layers compositions were successfully investigated by the GDOES technique, although obtained
data seem to be affected by substrate roughness and differences in sputtering rates between ceramic oxides and metallic magnesium
alloy. Corrosion resistance showed to be strongly enhanced by the nanometric coatings, giving lower corrosion current densities
in 0.05-M NaCl media with respect to the uncoated substrate (from 10â4 to 10â6 A/cm2 for the single layers and from 10â4 to 10â8 A/cm2 for the bi- and multilayers). All polarization curves on coated samples also showed a passive region, wider for the bi-layer
(from â0.58 to â0.43 V with respect to Ag/AgCl) and multilayer (from â0.53 to â0.38 V with respect to Ag/AgCl) structures.
Content Type Journal Article
Pages 347-355
DOI 10.1007/s11998-011-9372-8
Authors
E. Marin, University of Udine, via Cotonificio 108, 33100 Udine, Italy
A. Lanzutti, University of Udine, via Cotonificio 108, 33100 Udine, Italy
L. Guzman, University of Udine, via Cotonificio 108, 33100 Udine, Italy
L. Fedrizzi, University of Udine, via Cotonificio 108, 33100 Udine, Italy
In addition to its remarkable mechanical properties, high-performance concrete (HPC) also exhibits a very smooth surface with
low porosity, which makes it particularly suitable for esthetic applications. Unfortunately, the constant environmental aggressions
to which the urban buildings are exposed (organic or inorganic particles, algae, micro-organisms, staining from various sources)
are a threat to their structural and esthetic durability. This article proposes an innovative method to protect HPC surfaces
based on Ca(OH)2 growth at the fresh concrete/formwork interface. With the adequate surfactants used as demolding agents, it is possible to
grow a continuous layer of Ca(OH)2 at the concrete surface which closes the porosity, reduces the water uptake, and gives the surface super-hydrophilic properties,
facilitating self-cleaning mechanisms.
